Aller directement au menu principal Aller directement au contenu principal Aller au pied de page

Dossier thématique

Vol. 3 No 1 (2024): Capitalisme Racial !?

Theorizing racial capitalism: Critique, contingency & context

DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14224327
Soumis
26 novembre 2024
Publiée
2024-11-29

Résumé

The literature on « racial capitalism » has grown in recent years. But the veracity of the discourse has yet to be matched by theoretical systematicity, acuity or coherence. This contributes to criticisms of the racial capitalism concept. This essay reviews these criticisms and offers a synthetic theory of racial capitalism that can absorb them. The essay shows that the existing critiques fail to see the diversity in the literature on racial capitalism and narrowly focus upon one version of racial capitalism theory: the « universalistic » version that proposes that the articulation of racialization and capital accumulation is a logical necessity. The essay argues that a contingency-context theory of racial capitalism escapes the critiques and sketches the theory. The theory specifies racial capitalism as a sociohistorical formation wherein racial meanings serve to make sense of, structure and legitimate three moments in the circuit of capital: production, the market and finance. Race thus serves as a contingent construction by which capitalism’s inequalities are structured and legitimated. A full-text version of the article in English is available at https://marronnages.org

Références

  1. Alkayyali, Ranam. 2019. « Shopping While Veiled : An Exploration of the Experiences of Veiled Muslim Consumers in France ». Dans Race in the Marketplace : Crossing Critical Boundaries. Sous la direction de Guillaume Johnson, Kevin D. Thomas, Anthony Kwame Harrison, et Sonya A. Grier, 89-105. Cham, Suisse : Palgrave-MacMillan.
  2. Ang, Sylvia, Elaine Lynne-Ee Ho, et Brenda S.A. Yeoh. 2022. « Migration and New Racism Beyond Colour and the “West” : Co-Ethnicity, Intersectionality and Postcoloniality ». Ethnic and Racial Studies 45 (4) : 585-94.
  3. Arrighi, Giovanni. 1994. The Long Twentieth Century. Londres : Verso.
  4. Beaman, Jean. 2017. Citizen Outsider : Children of North African Immigrants in France. Berkeley : University of California Press.
  5. Bourdieu, Pierre, et Loic Wacquant. 1999. « On the Cunning of Imperialist Reason ». Theory, Culture & Society 16 (1) : 41-58.
  6. Brustein, William, et Ryan King. 2004. « Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust ». International Political Science Review 25 (1) : 35-53.
  7. Bunel, Mathieu, et al. 2021. « Testing for Discrimination in Leisure Accommodation ». Annals of Economics and Statistics 141 (March) : 23-48.
  8. Burden-Stelly, Charisse. 2023. Black Scare, Red Scare : Theorizing Capitalist Racism in the United States. Chicago : The University of Chicago Press.
  9. Burden-Stelly, Charisse. 2020. « Modern U.S. Racial Capitalism. Some Theoretical Insights ». Monthly Review 72 (3) : https://monthlyreview.org/2020/07/01/modern-u-s-racial-capitalism/.
  10. Burns, Tony. 2023. « Marx’s Capital and the Concept of Super-Exploitation ». Capital & Class https://doi.org/10.1177/03098168231199913.
  11. Castel, Robert. 2007. La discrimination négative. Paris : Seuil.
  12. Chirot, Daniel, et Anthony Reid. 1997. Essential Outsiders : Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe. Seattle et Londres : University of Washington Press.
  13. Clarno, Andy. 2017. Neoliberal Apartheid : Palestine/Israel and South Africa after 1994. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  14. Conroy, William. 2023. « Race, Capitalism, and the Necessity/Contingency Debate ». Theory, Culture & Society 41 (1) : 39-58.
  15. Cox, Oliver C. 1948. Caste, Class and Race. New York : Doubleday.
  16. Cox, Oliver C. 1959. The Foundations of Capitalism. New York : Philosophical Library.
  17. Danewid, Ida. 2024. Resisting Racial Capitalism : An Antipolitical Theory of Refusal. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press.
  18. Davis, Muriam Haleh. 2022. Markets of Civilization : Islam and Racial Capitalism in Algeria. Durham : Duke University Press.
  19. Dawson, Michael. 2016. « Hidden in Plain Sight : A Note on Legitimation Crises and the Racial Order ». Critical Historical Studies 3 (1) : 143-61.
  20. Dawson, Michael. 2018. « Racial Capitalism and Democratic Crisis ». Items : Insights from the Social Sciences, 4 décembre [en ligne]. https://items.ssrc.org/race-capitalism/racial-capitalism-and-democratic-crisis/.
  21. Doleac, Jennifer L. et Luke. C.D Stein. 2013. « The Visible Hand : Race and Online Market Outcomes ». The Economic Journal 123 (11) : F469-F492.
  22. DuBois, W. E. B. 2005. « The Color Line Belts the World ». Dans W.E.B. Du Bois on Asia. Sous la direction de Bill Mullen et Cathryn Mullen. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi.
  23. Edelman, Benjamin, Michael Luca, et Dan Svirsky. 2017. « Racial Discrimination in the Sharing Economy : Evidence from a Field Experiment ». American Economic Journal : Applied Economics 9 : 1-22.
  24. Edwards, Zophia. 2021. « Racial Capitalism and COVID-19 ». Monthly Review 72 (2) : https://monthlyreview.org/2021/03/01/racial-capitalism-and-covid-19/.
  25. Edwards, Stephen. 2023. « A Deeply Misleading Narrative : Answering the Claims of Cedric Robinson’s Black Marxism ». Socialist Alternative [en ligne]. https://www.socialistalternative.org/2023/07/13/a-deeply-misleading-narrative-answering-the-claims-of-cedric-robinsons-black-marxism/.
  26. Fanon, Frantz. 1968 [1961]. The Wretched of the Earth. New York : Grove Press.
  27. Fitzgerald, Edward 1988. « Did France’s Colonial Empire Make Economic Sense ? A Perspective from the Postwar Decade, 1946-1956 ». The Journal of Economic History 48 (2) : 373-85.
  28. Fleming, Crystal. 2017. Resurrecting Slavery : Racial Legacies and White Supremacy in France. Philadelphie : Temple University Press.
  29. Fraser, Nancy. 2016. « Expropriation and Exploitation in Racialized Capitalism : A Reply to Michael Dawson ». Critical Historical Studies 3 (1) : 163-78.
  30. Fraser, Nancy. 2019. « Is Capitalism Necessarily Racist ? ». Politics/Letters 15. http://quarterly.politicsslashletters.org/is-capitalism-necessarily-racist/.
  31. Fraser, Nancy. 2022. Cannibal Capitalism. New York : Verso.
  32. Gallup Polls. 2024. « Race Relations ». https://news.gallup.com/poll/1687/race-relations.aspx
  33. Galonnier, Juliette. 2015. « The Racialization of Muslims in France and the United States : Some Insights from White Converts to Islam ». Social Compass 62 (4) : 570-83.
  34. Hall, Stuart. 2019 [1980]. « Race, Articulation, and Societies Structured in Dominance ». Dans Essential Essays, Vol. 1. Sous la direction de D. Morley, 172-221. Durham, NC : Duke University Press.
  35. Hargreaves, Alex. 2007. Multi-Ethnic France : Immigration, Politics, Culture and Society. New York : Routledge.
  36. Hickman, Mary. 1995. Religion, Class and Identity. Aldershot : Avebury.
  37. Hilferding, Rudolf. 1981 [1910]. Finance Capital : A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development. Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  38. Hirschman, Daniel et Laura Garbes. 2019. « Toward an Economic Sociology of Race ». Socio-Economic Review 19 (3) : 1171-99.
  39. Howell, Junia et Elizabeth Korver-Glenn. 2021. « The Increasing Effect of Neighborhood Racial Composition on Housing Values, 1980-2015 ». Social Problems 68 (4) : 1051-71.
  40. Horkheimer, Max. 1990 [1939]. « The Jews and Europe ». Dans Critical Theory and Society : A Reader. Sous la direction de Stephen Eric Bronner et Douglas Kellner, 77-94. New York : Routledge.
  41. Hudson, Peter James. 2018. « Racial Capitalism and the Dark Proletariat ». Boston Review, 20 février. http://bostonreview.net/forum/remake-world-slavery-racial-capitalism-and-justice/peter-james-hudson-racial-capitalism-and.
  42. Hyoung Song, Min. 2022. « Racial Capitalism and the Border ». American Literary History 34 (3) : 1041-51.
  43. Ignatiev, Noel. 1995. How the Irish Became White. Londres et New York : Routledge.
  44. Ince, Onur Ulas. 2014. « Primitive Accumulation, New Enclosures, and Global Land Grabs : A Theoretical Intervention ». Rural Sociology 79 : 104-51.
  45. Ince, Onur Ulas. 2023. « From “Chinese Colonist” to “Yellow Peril” : Capitalist Racialization in the British Empire ». American Political Science Review [en ligne] : 1-15. doi:10.1017/S0003055423001260.
  46. James, C.L.R. 1989 [1963]. The Black Jacobins. New York : Vintage.
  47. James, Selma. 2012. Sex, Race and Class. Oakland, CA : PM Press.
  48. Jenkins, Destin, et Justin Leroy. 2021. Histories of Racial Capitalism. New York : Columbia University Press.
  49. Jessop, Bob. 1990. State Theory : Putting Capitalist States in their Place. University Park : University of Pennsylvania Press.
  50. Johnson, Guillaume, et Valerie Guillard. 2017. « Discriminations dans les services marchands : le cas des chambres d’hôtes en France ». Dans L’Etat des entreprises. Sous la direction de Dauphine Recherches Management. Paris : La Découverte.
  51. Johnson, Guillaume, Kevin D. Thomas, Anthony Kwame Harrison, et Sonya A. Grier, dir. 2019. Race in the Marketplace : Crossing Critical Boundaries. Cham, Suisse : Palgrave-MacMillan.
  52. Johnson, Walter. 2018. « To Remake the World : Slavery, Racial Capitalism, and Justice ». Boston Review, 1 février. https://www.bostonreview.net/forum/walter-johnson-to-remake-the-world/.
  53. Kay-Shuttleworth, James. 1832. The Moral and Physical Condition of The Working Classes Employed in the Cotton Manufacture in Manchester. Londres : J. Ridgway.
  54. Kelley, Robin D. G. 2000. « Foreward ». Dans Black Marxism : The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. Sous la direction de Cedric Robinson, xi-xxvi. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press.
  55. Khan, Mishal. 2021. « Abolition as a Racial Project : Erasures and Racializations on the Borders of British India ». Political Power and Social Theory 38 : 77-104.
  56. Koshy, Susan, Lisa Marie Cacho, Jodi A. Byrd, et Brian Jordan Jefferson. 2022. Colonial Racial Capitalism. Durham : Duke University Press.
  57. Legassick, Martin, et David Hemson. 1976. Foreign Investment and the Reproduction of Racial Capitalism in South Africa. Londres : Anti-Apartheid Movement.
  58. Legge, Jerome. 1996. « An Economic Theory of Antisemitism ? Exploring Attitudes in the New German State ». Political Research Quarterly 49 (3) : 617-30.
  59. Levenson, Zachary, et Marcel Paret. 2023a. « The South African Tradition of Racial Capitalism ». Ethnic and Racial Studies 46 (16) : 3403-24.
  60. Levenson, Zachary, et Marcel Paret. 2023b. « The Three Dialectics of Racial Capitalism : From South Africa to the U.S. and Back Again ». Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 20 (2) : 333-51.
  61. Mann, Thomas J. 2021. « Oliver C. Cox and the Political Economy of Racial Capitalism ». Dialectical Anthropology 46 (2) : 1-18.
  62. Marx, Karl. 1977. Capital, Volume I. With an Introduction by Ernest Mandel. Traduit par Ben Fowkes. Londres : Penguin Books.
  63. Marini, Ruy Mauro. 2022. The Dialectics of Dependency. New York : Monthly Review Press.
  64. Masco, Joseph, et Lisa Wedeen, dir. 2024. Conspiracy/Theory. Durham : Duke University Press.
  65. Matlon, Jordanna. 2022. A Man among Other Men : The Crisis of Black Masculinity in Racial Capitalism. Ithaca : Cornell University Press.
  66. McCarthy, Michael. 2016. « Silent Compulsions : Capitalist Markets and Race ». Studies in Political Economy 97 (2) : 195-205.
  67. Melamed, Jodi. 2015. « Racial Capitalism ». Critical Ethnic Studies 1 (1) : 76-85.
  68. Meurs, Dominique, Ariane Pailhé, et Patrick Simon. 2006. « The Persistence of Intergenerational Inequalities linked to Immigration : Labour Market Outcomes for Immigrants and their Descendants in France ». Population 61 (5) : 645-82.
  69. Nelson, Bruce. 2012. Irish Nationalists and the Making of the Irish Race. Princeton : Princeton University Press.
  70. Omi, Michael, et Howard Winant. 1986. Racial Formation in the United States. New York : Routledge.
  71. Oppenheimer, Martin. 1974. « The Sub-Proletariat: Dark Skins and Dirty Work ». The Insurgent Sociologist 4 (2) : 6-20.
  72. Pager, Devah, et Hana Shepherd. 2008. « The Sociology of Discrimination : Racial Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and Consumer Markets ». Annual Review of Sociology 34 : 181-209.
  73. Paret, Marcel, et Zachary Levenson. 2024. « Two Racial Capitalisms : Marxism, Domination, and Resistance in Cedric Robinson and Stuart Hall ». Antipode, 22 mai, https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.13054.
  74. Pittman, Cassi. 2017. « “Shopping while Black”: Black Consumers’ Management of Racial Stigma and Racial Profiling in Retail Settings ». Journal of Consumer Culture 20 (1) : 3-22.
  75. Postone, Moishe. 1980. « Anti-Semitism and National Socialism : Notes on the German Reaction to “Holocaust” ». New German Critique 19 (1) : 97-115.
  76. Ralph, Michael, et Maya Singhal. 2019. « Racial Capitalism ». Theory & Society 48 (6) : 851-81.
  77. Ray, Victor. 2019. « A Theory of Racialized Organizations ». American Sociological Review 84(1) : 26-53.
  78. Robinson, Cedric. 2000 [1983]. Black Marxism : The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press.
  79. Roediger, David, et Elizabeth D. Esch. 2012. The Production of Difference. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
  80. Rosa-Salas, Marcel. 2019. « Making the Mass White : How Racial Segregation Shaped Consumer Segmentation ». Dans Race in the Marketplace : Crossing Critical Boundaries. Sous la direction de Guillaume Johnson, Kevin D. Thomas, Anthony Kwame Harrison, et Sonya A. Grier, 21-38. Cham, Suisse : Palgrave-MacMillan.
  81. Setijadi, Charlotte. 2019. « Anti-Chinese Sentiment and the ‘Return’ of the Pribumi Discourse ». Dans Contentious Belonging. Sous la direction de Greg Fealy et Ronit Ricci, 194-213. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
  82. Sewell, William H., Jr. 1992. « A Theory of Structure : Duality, Agency, and Transformation ». American Journal of Sociology 98 (1) : 1-29.
  83. Silverstein, Paul. (2005). « Immigrant Racialization and the New Savage Slot : Race Migration and Immigration in the New Europe ». Annual Review of Anthropology 34 : 363-384.
  84. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. 2023. « Revisiting ‘Racial Capitalism’ ». European Journal of Sociology 64 (2) : 173-81.
  85. Suryadinata, Leo. 2023. « Anti-Chinese Comments by Former Indonesian Vice-President Jusuf Kalla Spark Different Reactions ». ThinkChina, 8 Juin, https://www.thinkchina.sg/politics/anti-chinese-comments-former-indonesian-vice-president-jusuf-kalla-spark-different-reactions.
  86. Táíwò, Olúfẹ́mi O. 2023. « A Framework to Help Us Understand the World ». Hammer & Hope 1 (Hiver) : https://hammerandhope.org/article/issue-1-article-8.
  87. Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta. 2022. « It’s Called Capitalism : Naming the System Behind Systemic Racism ». Spectre 5 : 12-26.
  88. Virdee, Satnam. 2019. « Racialized Capitalism : An Account of its Contested Origins and Consolidation ». The Sociological Review 67 (1) : 3-27.
  89. Wacquant, Loic. 2023a. « Racial Capitalism Decoupled : A Rejoinder and Reformulation ». European Journal of Sociology 64 (2) : 183-93.
  90. Wacquant, Loic. 2023b. « The Trap of ‘Racial Capitalism’ ». European Journal of Sociology 64 (2) : 153-62.
  91. Ware, Leland. 2015. « Color-blind Racism in France : Bias Against Ethnic Minority Immigrants ». Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 46 : 185-244.
  92. Wherry, Frederick F., Kristin S. Seefeldt, et Anthony S. Alvarez. 2019. Credit where it’s Due : Rethinking Financial Citizenship. New York : Russell Sage Foundation.
  93. Wilson Gilmore, Ruth. 2021. Change Everything : Racial Capitalism and the Case for Abolition. Chicago : Haymarket Books.
  94. Wong, Vincent. 2022. « Racial Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics : Analyzing the Political Economy of Racialized Dispossession and Exploitation in Xinjiang ». African Journal of International Economic Law (AfJIEL) 3 : 7-39.
  95. Zein, Rayya El. 2021. « Introduction : Cultural Constructions of Race and Racism in the Middle East and North Africa/Southwest Asia and North Africa ». Lateral 10 (1) : https://csalateral.org/forum/cultural-constructions-race-racism-middle-east-north-africa-southwest-asia-mena-swana/introduction-el-zein/

Téléchargements

Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.

Inscrivez-vous

Pour ne manquer aucune nouvelle publication ou annonce de la revue Marronnages :
Votre adresse de messagerie est uniquement utilisée pour vous envoyer notre lettre d'information ainsi que des informations concernant nos activités. Vous pouvez à tout moment utiliser le lien de désabonnement intégré dans chacun de nos mails.